Fig. 1: ICIs combined with ADCs can produce synergistic effects in the treatment of urogenital tumors.

ICIs (PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4) inhibitors play a crucial role in activating the body’s natural anti-tumor-immune response by restoring anti-tumor immunity, reversing immune evasion, and promoting cell death pathways of tumor cells. There are two mechanisms by which ADCs eliminate tumors: (1) The first mechanism is to use the antibody component of ADCs to target tumor-specific antigens and release small-molecule cytotoxic drugs that directly kill tumor cells. (2) The second mechanism involves inducing the bystander effect of ADCs. The two mechanisms synergistically affect the TME, leading to tumor cell death. Created with BioRender.com.