Fig. 8: Schematic depicting the function of GMFB in adipogenesis of BMSC in PMOP.

In postmenopause female (estrogen deficiency), GMFB stimulates filament debranching and inhibits actin polymerization, which decrease intracellular Ca2+ concentration and inhibit Ca2+-calcineurin-NFATc2 pathway. Decreased NFATc2 nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling stimulates NFATc2/PPARγ-dependent adipogenesis-related gene transcription. Gmfb deficiency suppresses adipogenesis of BMSCs via remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton and activation of the Ca2+-calcineurin-NFATc2 pathway.