Fig. 4: HRH1 facilitates OSCC progression via promoting the TGF-β-mediated EMT process.

A Protein expression levels of activated TGF-β, Akt, and EMT-related markers such as N-cadherin, vimentin, Snail, and Slug in SAS (left panel) and HSC-3M (right panel) cells after knockdown of HRH1 as detected by Western blotting. B Treatment of SAS and HSC-3M cells with histamine (1 µM) for 24 h and the activated TGF-β and EMT markers were determined by Western blotting. C–E A plasmid expressing Slug or Snail was transfected into HRH1-knockdown SAS and HSC-3M cells as indicated, and a Western blot analysis was conducted to detect expression levels of HRH1, Snail, and Slug (C). Additionally, a Matrigel invasion assay was performed. Representative images (D) and quantification (E) of invading OSCC cells are shown. Differences are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). n = 2; * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, compared to the control group; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, compared to the HRH1-knowdown only group.