Fig. 1: MMP1 as an ECM-related gene associated with SG resistance in BC cells.

a Cell morphology was observed under a microscope (Scale bar: 100 µm). b Cell viability was assessed after 24 h of treatment with 10 nM SG at various concentrations using the CCK-8 assay. c Representative fluorescence images and quantification of tail moment in parental and resistant cells. d The heatmap displays gene expression in the resistant group compared to the parental group in MCF-7 cells. The colors of the heatmap reflect log2 expression levels of genes. e Volcano plots illustrate differential gene expressions in MCF-7-Re compared to MCF-7-Pa cells. Red dots indicate genes with significantly higher expression levels, while green dots represent lower expression levels. f qRT-PCR verified expressions of BCL2A1, WFDC3, PI3, CLDN5, and MMP1 between parental and resistant cells. g After knockdown of BCL2A1, WFDC3, PI3, CLDN5, and MMP1 separately, the viability of MCF-7-Pa and T47D-Pa was tested at different concentrations of SG using CCK-8 assays. h After knockdown of BCL2A1, WFDC3, PI3, CLDN5, and MMP1 separately, the viability of MCF-7-Re and T47D-Re was tested at different concentrations of SG using CCK-8 assays. IC50 values for all groups were calculated using GraphPad and compared using Student’s t-test. i–k GO enrichment analysis was performed on genes involved in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. l–o Enrichment of cancer biomarkers based on DEGs between resistant cells and parental cells using GSEA.