Fig. 3: KRAS-induced inflammation in cancer.

KRAS mutations are involved in the activation of ERK/MAPK and NF-κB pathways and promote the transcription of various cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL5. The oncogenic KRAS mutation involved in the inflammatory response contributes significantly to the tumor progression network and remodels the immune microenvironment.