Fig. 3: Metabolomic profile of TXNIP overexpressing cells.

A Heatmap showing the relative concentration of detected metabolites in TXNIP overexpressing LNCaP cells compared to control LNCaP Empty cells (3 left columns LNCaP Empty, 3 right columns LNCaP TXNIP). Higher concentrations are depicted in red tones, while lower concentrations are in blue tones. Cell viability of LNCaP Empty and LNCaP TXNIP after being grown in absence or presence of glutamine (Gln) for 48 h B and 72 h C. Data shown as mean ± SEM of percentage of viability compared to control (+Gln) of one representative experiment from three independent replicates. D Schematic diagram of the metabolic flux analysis (MFA) in the cell and metabolites detected for 13C enrichment. Metabolites in gray are non-enriched in 13C in LNCaP TXNIP; metabolites in dark greenish blue are enriched in 13C in LNCaP TXNIP; metabolites in light blue did not show differences in 13C enrichment between LNCap Empty and LNCaP TXNIP. E–S Percentage of molar fraction of metabolites enriched (dark greenish blue) or non-enriched (gray) in 13C. For simplicity, metabolites are grouped in direct or indirect relation to different metabolic pathways: Glycolysis-related: E Leucine; F Glycine; G Serine; H Pyruvate; I Lactate. TCA cycle-related: J Citrate; K Succinate; L Fumarate; M Malate; N α-ketoglutarate. Fatty-acid synthesis-related: O Stearic acid; P Palmitic acid. Others: Q Alanine; R Aspartate; S Glutamate. Data shown as mean ± SD of three technical replicates. For B to S unpaired T-test was performed *p-value < 0.05; **p-value < 0.01; ***p-value < 0.001; ****p-value < 0.0001.