Fig. 5: Gene expression analysis of oxidative stress, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and cell-specific markers in retinal organoids under incremental hyperglycaemic stress.
From: Unveiling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy with human retinal organoids
A–D Heatmap and violin plots showing the expression patterns of: A oxidative stress-related genes in retinal organoids treated with D-glucose compared to controls. Key genes include DUOX1, DUOX2, and NOS2. B apoptosis-related genes, including BAX, BCL2, and BID. C) necroptotic process. Key genes: BIRC2, ITPK1, and CYLD. D pyroptotic cell death. Key genes: GSDMD, GSDME, and NINJ1. E Expression of photoreceptor-specific genes; outer segment (OS) (rod-specific: SAG, GNAT1, PDE6B, RCVRN; cone-specific: ARR3, GNAT2, PDE6H, PDE6A); inner segment (IS) (TIMM17A, COX5A, TOMM20, IMMT); photoreceptor-specific transcription factors (TFs) (OTX2, CRX, RORB, NR2E3), F Expression of cell-specific markers across different retinal cell types, including bipolar cells (GRIK1, VSX1, PRKCA), amacrine cells (CALN1, GAD1, SLC6A9), retinal ganglion cells (ISL1, RBFOX3, RBPMS), Müller glia (APOE, CA2, RCN1), astrocytes (CD44, KCNJ10, TGFBR2), and retinal pigmented epithelium (BEST1, MITF, RLBP1). The data represent individual data points across three biological replicates for each condition.
