Fig. 2: Cacna1c gene silencing preserved the morphology of healthy mitochondria in glutamate-challenged HT22 cells.

a Changes in mitochondrial morphology were visualized after 15 h of glutamate exposure using MitoTracker Deep Red. Epifluorescence images of representative HT22 cells are shown with details enlarged by 300% at the bottom right. Scale bar 10 µm. b Five hundred cells per condition were classified into three categories of mitochondrial fragmentation (Category 1: elongated; Category 2: intermediate; Category 3: fragmented) and quantified as percentage of counted cells (n = 3, mean + SD). ***p < 0.001 compared to glutamate-treated ctrl (ANOVA, Scheffé’s-test)