Fig. 4: Molecular mechanisms of necroptosis.
From: Ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome
Necroptosis can be triggered by the receptors (e.g., TNFR1 and TLR3/4), which promote the assembly of the RIPK1–RIPK3–MLKL signaling complex. The ZBP1 can recognize the cytosolic DNA released from infecting microbes, which will activate RIPK3 and MLKL to lead to necroptosis. TNF tumor necrosis factor, R receptor, TRADD TNF-R-associated death domain, RIPK receptor-interacting kinase, cIAP cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein, TRAF TNF-R-associated factors, CYLD cylindromatosis, MLKL mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase, HMGB1 high-mobility group box 1, TLR toll-like receptor, TRIF TLR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β, ZBP/DAI Z-DNA-binding protein/DNA-dependent activator of interferon regulatory factors, JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-B.
