Fig. 1: Schematic overview of autophagy.
From: The role and implication of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma
A Initiation: ULK1 complex regulates autophagy initiation. B Nucleation: The activated ULK1 complex was transferred to phagocytes and activated PI3K-Beclin1 complex to induce vesicle nucleation; Elongation: The cytoplasm and organelles are enveloped and engulfed during elongation; Maturation: Completion and transport of autophagosomes. C Fusion: Autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes to form autophagolysosomes. D Degradation: Cytoplasmic components are degraded by lysosomal hydrolases. E ULK1 complex including ULK1, ULK2, ATG13, FIP200, and ATG101. F PI3K-Beclin1 complex including Beclin1, VPS34, VPS15, and ATG14L. G The ATG12-conjugation including ATG12, ATG7, ATG10, ATG5, and ATG16L. H The LC3-conjugation including LC3, ATG4, LC3-I, ATG7, ATG3, PE, and LC3-II.
