Fig. 1: CEP is toxic to gastric cancer cells.

A The structure of CEP. B Human gastric mucosal cell line GES-1 was treated with different concentrations of CEP for 24 or 48 h. The cell viability was detected by MTT assay (n = 4). C, D Human gastric cancer cell lines AGS and HGC27 were treated with the indicated concentration of CEP for 24 or 48 h. MTT assay (n = 4) was used to determine cell viability. E, F AGS and HGC27 cell lines were treated with the indicated concentration of CEP for 24 or 48 h. The cell viability was detected by crystal violet assay (n = 3). G AGS and HGC27 cell lines were treated with CEP for 24 or 48 h. Morphology was observed by live cell photography and crystal violet staining—scale bar: 100 μm. Data were expressed as mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001, with significant differences from the control group.