Table 2 Molecular mechanisms by which H19 regulates PCDs other than apoptosis in multiple tumors.
From: Long noncoding RNA H19: functions and mechanisms in regulating programmed cell death in cancer
PCD type | Tumor types | H19 expression | Role | Signaling pathway | Molecule Mechanism | Cell processes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autophagy | Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) | Down regulation | A prognostic factor for the poor overall survival of patients | - | ↓ H19, counterbalanced by ↑IGF2, leads to ↓autophagy markers, high proliferation rate and metastatic potential in ACC patients | Inhibit tumor progression | |
Autophagy | Bladder cancer (BC) | Up regulation | Oncogene; Suppress the interaction between NEDD4L and ULK1 | - | ↑ULK1 | Aggravate autophagy | [28] |
Autophagy | Breast cancer | Up regulation | Oncogene; Epigenetic regulation | H19/let-7/Lin28 ceRNA network | ↓let-7, ↑H19, ↑Lin28 | Down-regulate autophagy; Promote EMT, migration and invasion; Promote resistance | |
Autophagy | Colorectal cancer (CRC) | Up regulation | Mediate the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in MTX resistance of CRC cells; Sponge miR-194–5p as ceRNA to modulate SIRT1 expression | Wnt/β-catenin | ↑β-catenin; ↑SIRT1 | Improve the MTX resistance; Promote autophagy; Confer 5-Fu resistance | |
Autophagy | Glioblastoma (GBM) | Up regulation | Oncogene | Sponging miR-491-5p | ↓miR-491-5p | Activate autophagy; Promote proliferation, progression | [25] |
Autophagy | Glioma | Up regulation | Oncogene | mTOR/ULK1 | ↑the ratio of p-mTOR/mTOR; ↓the ratio of p-ULK1/ULK1; ↑the ratio of LC3-II/I, ↑Beclin-1 protein levels | Promote occurrence, development, proliferation, migration, autophagy | [31] |
Autophagy | Hepatoma carcinoma | Up regulation | Down-regulating PI3K–Akt–mTOR pathway | PI3K–Akt–mTOR | ↓Beclin-1, ↓ the ration of LC3-II/LC3-I, ↑ p62; ↑the phosphorylated activity of PI3K, Akt and mTOR | Up-regulate autophagy, suppress cell viability | [20] |
Autophagy | Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) | Up regulation | Suppresses autophagy level and drug resistance | H19/miR-107 / HMGB1 axis | ↓miR-107, ↑HMGB1, | H19 shRNA suppresses autophagy and cisplatin resistance | [26] |
Necroptosis | Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) | Up regulation | Activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway | H19/miR-29a-3p/β-catenin | ↓miR-29a-3p, ↑β-catenin, ↑T-cell factor (TCF), ↑caspase 8 | Inhibit apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis | |
Necroptosis | Liver cancer | Up regulation | Suppress Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) | H19/miR-675/FADD | ↑miR-675, ↓FADD | Induce necroptosis, suppress cancer growth | [51] |
Ferroptosis | Lung cancer | Up regulation | Competitively bind with miR-19b-3p | H19/miR-19b-3p/FTH1 | ↓miR-19b-3p, ↑Ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) | Suppress ferroptosis | [75] |
