Fig. 1: Human kidney biopsy with IRI-AKI (cortical area).

Ischemia is a condition in which the kidneys do not receive enough blood supply. Reperfusion is the restoration of blood flow after an ischemic event. Both of these processes can damage kidney cells and impair kidney function, resulting in AKI. This can cause expansion of the interstitium, microvascular plugging, dilated tubules, and a patchy nature of injury, ultimately leading to various types of RCD. Several risk factors can contribute to the development of IRI-AKI. AKI acute kidney injury, IRI ischemia-reperfusion injury, RCD regulated cell death, TEC tubular epithelial cell, DC dendritic cells, RBC red blood cell, WBC white blood cell, DAMPs damage-associated molecular patterns.