Table 1 Agents targeting RCD that can be used for IRI-AKI.
Drug name | Daily use | RCD | Subject | I/R model | Protect effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) | No (an endogenous gas transporter) | Pyroptosis | Mouse, HK-2 cells | Bilateral renal pedicle clipping for 30 min | Inhibit the activation of the inflammasome NLRP3 | [50] |
β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) | No (ketone bodies) | Pyroptosis | Mouse, HK-2 cells | Two weeks before the study, the right kidney was removed. After a 2-week recovery period, the left renal artery and vein were occluded for 45 min. | Inhibit the activation of the inflammasome NLRP4, epigenetic effect on FOXO3 expression | [51] |
Activated protein C | No | Pyroptosis | Mouse | Bilateral renal pedicle clipping for 30 min,followed by 24 h of reperfusion | Inhibit the activation of the inflammasome NLRP5 | [52] |
Transient receptor potential-6 (TRPC6) | No | Pyroptosis | Mouse, HK-2 cells | Bilateral renal pedicle clipping for 30 min,followed by 24 h of reperfusion | Inhibit the activation of the inflammasome NLRP6 | [53] |
Salvianolic acid B (SalB) | A water-soluble compound extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza | Pyroptosis | Mouse, HK-2 cells | Left renal pedicle clipping for 45 min, including contralateral nephrectomy | Inhibit NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle activation and prevent burning-induced inflammation by decreasing intracellular ROS | [54] |
Naringenin | Flavonoids | Pyroptosis | Mouse, HK-2 cells | The left renal artery was clamped 30 min after right-sided nephrectomy, followed by 24 h of reperfusion | Inhibit inflammation by inducing HO-1 expression | [56] |
Necrostatin-1(Nec-1) | No | Necroptosis | Mouse, HT29 cells | Bilateral renal pedicle clipping for 30 min | Rip1 inhibitor | [35] |
Nec-1f | No | Necroptosis | Mouse, primary murine renal tubules | Bilateral renal pedicle clipping for 30 min | Inhibit RIPK1 and weakly inhabit ferroptosis | [62] |
XJB-5-131 | No (has shown beneficial effects in degenerative diseases) | Ferroptosis | Mouse | Unilateral renal artery occluded for 30 min | Ferroptosis inhibitor | [48] |
Dexmedetomidine (Dex) | α2-adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) agonist | Ferroptosis | Mouse, Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 T cells | Bilateral renal hilum clipping for 45 min and followed by 48 h reperfusion | Suppress ACSL4, mitigate tissue damage, inhibit ferroptosis, and downregulated inflammation response following renal IRI | [66] |
USC-Exo | No (exosomes) | Ferroptosis | Mouse, HK-2 cells | Bilateral renal pedicle clipping for 45 min | Interact with SRSF1 | [67] |
