Table 3 lncRNA-encoded micropeptides in cancer.

From: Long non-coding RNA-encoded micropeptides: functions, mechanisms and implications

Peptide name	Size (aa)	LncRNA	Cancer type	Function and Mechanism	Ref.
HOXB-AS3 peptide	53	HOXB-AS3	Colorectal cancer	Suppress cell growth by inhibition of glucose metabolism reprogramming in colon cancer.	[10]
pep-AP	37	Lnc-AP	Colorectal cancer	Attenuate the pentose phosphate pathway, NADPH/NADP+ and glutathione levels and causing ROS accumulation, sensitize colorectal cancer cells to Oxaliplatin via binding to TALDO1.	[62]
FORCP	79	LINC00675	Colorectal cancer	Inhibit proliferation, clonogenicity and tumorigenesis.	[126]
RBRP	71	LINC00266-1	Colorectal cancer	Bind to m⁶A reader IGF2BP1 and strengthen MYC stability, thereby promoting tumorigenesis.	[63]
ASAP	94	LINC00467	Colorectal cancer	Increase ATP synthase activity and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate by interaction with ATP5A and ATP5C.	[11]
SRSP	130	LOC90024	Colorectal cancer	Facilitate of the splicing factor SRSF3 binds to exon 3 of Sp4 to produce a long Sp4 isoform, eventually promoting CRC tumorigenesis and progression.	[127]
UBAP1-AST6 peptide	-	UBAP1-AST6	Lung cancer	Enforced UBAP1-AST6 peptide promotes cell growth, whereas UBAP1-AST6 KO inhibits cell proliferation and clone formation.	[64]
DLX6-AS1 ORF	-	DLX6-AS1	Non-small cell lung cancer	Promote cell proliferation, migration and invasion by activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway.	[65]
CASIMO1	10	NR_029453	Breast cancer	Stimulate cell growth by interaction with SQLE and upregulation of ERK phosphorylation.	[68]
PACMP	44	CTD-2256P15.2	Breast cancer	Prevent CtIP from KLHL15-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, promote DNA damage-triggered PARylation.	[69]
ASRPS	60	LINC00908	Breast cancer	Decrease of VEGF level via inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, eventually repressing tumorigenesis.	[66]
XBP1SBM	21	MLLT4-AS1	Breast cancer	Improve Gln levels, promote angiogenesis and metastasis in TNBC.	[128]
CIP2A-BP	52	LINC00665	Breast cancer	Bind CIP2A to replace PP2A’s B56γ subunit, consequently enhancing PP2A activity and inhibiting PI3K/AKT/NFκB pathway.	[67]
KRASIM	99	NCBP2-AS2	Hepatocellular carcinoma	KRASIM decreases the KRAS protein level, resulting in the inhibition of ERK signaling activity and cell growth and proliferation.	[129]
C20orf204-189AA	189	LINC00176	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Enhance cell proliferation and ribosomal RNA transcription via interaction with nucleolin in HCC.	[71]
SMIM30	59	LINC00998	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Induction of anchoring of SRC/YES1 membrane and activation of MAPK pathway.	[73]
STMP1	47	C7orf73	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Promote mitochondrial fission via increasing dynamin-related protein 1, enhance cell migration via interaction with MYH9; promote the G1/S transition and CCNE2, CDK2, and E2F1 by strengthening mitochondrial complex IV activity.	[57, 58]
AC115619-22aa	22	AC115619	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Repress HCC progression via the interaction with WTAP and impedes the assembly of the m⁶A methyltransferase complex.	[75]
JunBP	174	LINC02551	Hepatocellular carcinoma	JunBP increases phosphorylation of c-Jun and enhances SMAD3 expression.	[130]
PINT87aa	87	LINC-PINT	Hepatocellular carcinoma	PINT87aa induces cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence by directly binding to FOXM1.	[131]
PINT87aa	87	LINC-PINT	Glioblastoma	PINT87aa directly interacts with PAF1c and inhibits the transcriptional elongation of multiple oncogenes.	[132]
MP31	31	PTEN uORF	Glioblastoma	MP31 inhibits lysosome function and blocks lysosome fusion with mitophagosomes by competing with V-ATPase A1.	[79]
APPLE	90	AHS1L-AS1	Acute myeloid leukemia	Promote PABPC1-eIF4G interaction, mRNA looping and enhance translation via interaction with eIF4F.	[76]
YY1BM	21	LINC00278	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Inhibit the interaction between YY1 and AR, thereby decreasing expression of eEF2K through the AR pathway.	[39]
MIAC	51	AC025154.2	Renal cell carcinoma	Inhibit the proliferation and migration capacity by binding to AQP2 protein and inhibiting EREG/EGFR expression.	[77]
TINCR	120	Tincr	Squamous cell carcinoma	Low expressed in SCC and enforced TINCR represses cell and tumor growth.	[78]
NOBODY	71	LINC01420	Cancer-related	NoBody localizes to P-bodies and interacts with mRNA decapping proteins to participate in mRNA turnover and nonsense-mediated decay, and influences nasopharyngeal carcinoma invasion and metastasis.	[133, 134]
MELOE-1	46	Meloe	Melanoma	MELOE1 is involved in tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte.	[135]

m⁶A N⁶-methyladenosine, ORF Open reading frame, HOXB-AS3 HOXB cluster antisense RNA 3, FORCP FOXA1-Regulated Conserved Small Protein, RBRP RNA-binding regulatory peptide, ASAP ATP synthase-associated peptide, SRSP serine- and arginine-rich splicing factor 3, DLX6-AS1 distal-less homeobox 6 antisense 1, CASIMO1 Cancer-Associated Small Integral Membrane Open reading frame 1, PACMP PAR-amplifying and CtIP-maintaining micropeptide, ASRPS a small regulatory peptide of STAT3, XBP1SBM XBP1s binding micropeptide, CIP2A-BP CIP2A binding peptide, KRASIM KRAS interaction micropeptide, SMIM30 small integral membrane protein 30, STMP1 short transmembrane protein 1, JunBP Jun binding micropeptide, PINT p53-induced transcript, PAF1c polymerase associated factor complex, APPLE a peptide located in ER, YY1BM Yin Yang 1-binding micropeptide, AR androgen receptor, MIAC micropeptide inhibiting actin cytoskeleton, TINCR Terminal differentiation-Induced Non-Coding RNA, MP31 a micropeptide encoded by the uORF of PTEN, uORF upstream open reading frame, PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog, NOBODY non-annotated P-body dissociating polypeptide, MELOE melanoma-overexpressed antigen.

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Table 3 lncRNA-encoded micropeptides in cancer.

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