Table 1 Exosomal ncRNAs derived from non-CSCs promote CSC stemness.

LncRNA-ROR

Pancreatic cancer cells

Promotes CSC stemness and proliferation

Acts as a ceRNA to regulate microRNA function, upregulates the expression of stemness markers such as OCT4, Sox2, and Nanog.

[53]

miR-138-5p

Oral squamous carcinoma cells

Promotes CSC stemness, growth, and metastasis

Interacts with Np63, upregulates stemness markers such as Sox2, KLF4, NOTCH1, and CD44.

[54]

lncRNA MALAT1

Colorectal cancer cells

Promotes CSC stemness, increases CSC population

Regulates the miR-20b-5p/OCT4 axis, upregulates stemness markers such as OCT4 and Nanog

[55]

lncRNA MACC1-AS1

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells

Promotes CSC stemness and enhances tumorigenic potential

Antagonizes miR-145 activity, targeting Smad2, and upregulates the expression of Sox9 and OCT4

[57]

miR-328-3p

Ovarian cancer cells

Maintains and enhances CSC stemness characteristics and activity

Directly targets and suppresses the expression of DDB2

[58]

miR-155

MSC

Enhances the stemness and drug resistance of multiple myeloma CSC

Upregulates the expression of OCT4, Nanog, and drug resistance-associated proteins

[60]

miR-142-3p

MSC

Promotes CSC stemness phenotype and tumor growth |

Upregulates CD133 and Lgr5, while inhibiting Numb expression

[61]

circHIF1A

Fibroblast-associated cells

Promotes CSC stemness

Regulates CD44 expression and acts as a sponge for miR-580-5p

[63]

LncRNA PKMYT1AR

Non-small cell lung cancer

Promotes tumorigenesis and maintains CSC stemness

Activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

[66]

miR-1275

Lung adenocarcinoma cells

Maintains CSC phenotype and promotes tumor progression

Activates the Wnt/β-catenin and Notch pathways

[67]

miR-454

Breast cancer cells

Maintains CSC phenotype and promotes tumor progression

Activates the PRRT2/Wnt pathway

[68]

miR-92a-3p

Fibroblast-associated cells

Promotes tumor growth and stemness in liver cancer

Inhibits AXIN1 expression and activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

[69]

miR-21, miR-27b, miR-329

Oral squamous cell carcinoma

Alter stemness-related characteristics such as EMT or invasiveness

Regulate the Wnt signaling pathway

[70]

miR-600

Ovarian cancer cells

Promotes tumor stemness and metastasis

Increases the expression level of NOTCH1 and enhances Notch pathway activity

[72]

miR-200c

Ovarian cancer cells

Promotes the development of CSC stemness and drug resistance

Inhibits PTEN expression and activates the PI3K/AKT pathway

[73]

miR-146a-5p

Fibroblast-associated cells

Enhances CSC characteristics and drug resistance

Activates the STAT3 and mTOR signaling pathways

[75]

miR-378a-3p miR-378d

Breast cancer cells

Promote CSC stemness and drug resistance

Activate the EZH2/STAT3 pathway

[76]