Fig. 2: High MSX1 expression favors EMT phenotype in CC cells.

A mRNA-sequencing data identified 869 up- and 877 downregulated genes in HeLa cells upon MSX1 OE (pval < 0.05, norm. counts > 10). B, C MSX1-high CC cells enrich the ‘HALLMARK_EPITHELIAL_MESENCHYMAL_TRANSITION’ gene set: GSEA plots of HeLa cells OE vs ctrl as well as patients of the TCGA_CESC dataset (squamous and adeno carcinoma patients are separately depicted). NES Normalized Enrichment Score, FDR False Discovery Rate. D RT-qPCR validating upregulation of selected enriched genes of the ‘HALLMARK_EPITHELIAL_MESENCHYMAL_TRANSITION’ signature upon MSX1 OE. HeLa cells upregulate vimentin at mRNA and protein levels, as assessed by RT-qPCR (E), Western blot (F) and immunofluorescence (G). Scale bar = 10 µm. All experiments were performed in n = 3 biological replicates. Statistical test: D–F: Student’s t-test. *p-val < 0.05, **p-val ≤ 0.01.