Fig. 1: CryoET of cultured hippocampal neurons infected by PRV and capturing of progeny virus exocytosis.

a Overview of a hippocampal neuron grown on a gold cryoEM grid. b Slices from the reconstructed tomogram of the area boxed in green of (a) showing single-particle exocytosis of viruses in axon. c Slices from the tomogram showing single-particle exocytosis of L-particles in dendrite. d Illustration of the PRV exocytosis process. e Composite images of the fluorescent signal from PRV-Bartha capsids during retrograde transport. f, g Segmentation of the region shown in (e) are capsids (blue), viral genome (cyan), scaffolding proteins (magenta), microtubules (orange), other filament structures (green) and densities connecting capsid and filaments (yellow), which are either overlaid on a slice (gray) from the tomogram (f) or blown up (g) after a 90° rotation from the view of (f). h–j Slices from the tomogram showing multiple-particle exocytosis in a “pea-pod”-like (h) and “marble-pouch”-like (i) release cavity, and enveloped viruses or L-particles being transported in a vesicle (j). Insets next to panels (b, c and h−j) are zoom-in views of their boxed areas. Red arrowhead: enveloped virus inside secretory vesicle during transport, yellow arrowhead: glycoprotein spikes, blue arrowhead: protein density between envelope and vesicular membrane, green circles: polyribosomes. Mito mitochondria, MT microtubules.