Fig. 6: A combination regimen that optimally targets HS-dependent viral entry.
From: Heparan sulfate assists SARS-CoV-2 in cell entry and can be targeted by approved drugs in vitro
a A heatmap showing the gene expression profiles of untreated HEK293T cells or cells treated with the indicated drugs at 10 μM for 6 h (Mitoxantrone 5 μM). b–d Drug combination studies show a synergistic CPE rescue effect by Tilorone and Raloxifene (Ralo.). b Vero E6 cells treated with Tilorone at different concentrations with (1.5 μM) or without Raloxifene were infected with SARS-CoV-2 for 72 h before viability test. Error bars indicate SEM. n = 2. c, d Matrix blocks for Tilorone plus Raloxifene in the CPE and cell viability assays. Activity blocks show normalized levels of viral toxicity (c) or normalized cell viability (no virus) (d). Red labels in the synergy matrix indicate positive synergism whereas blue labels suggest antagonism. e A SARS-CoV-2 entry map with the drug targeting sites identified in this study. PM, plasma membrane.
