Fig. 1: Screening and identifying candidate genes associated with high temperature growth.

a Global view of B. coagulans 2-6 transcriptome and proteome analysis at 37 °C and 60 °C. Concentric circles from the periphery to the core represent the following: (i) differential proteome analysis; the font color of the protein names indicates whether a protein is downregulated (blue), upregulated (red), or shows no significant change (gray) at 60 °C; (ii) chromosomal location; (iii) bar chart in red (inner orientation) representing gene expression levels at 60 °C; (iv) scatter diagram representing protein expression at different conditions (red squares and blue triangles represent 60 °C and 37 °C, respectively); (v) bar chart in orange (outer orientation) representing gene expression levels at the 37 °C condition; (vi) bar chart representing differential expression of the same gene at the mRNA (purple) and protein (blue) levels; (vii) transcriptome analysis; the font color of the gene names indicates whether a gene is downregulated (blue), upregulated (red), or shows no significant changes (gray) at 60 °C. b Venn diagram depicting the numbers of genes upregulated at the mRNA and protein levels in B. coagulans 2-6. c Functional analysis of DH5α-cspL at 45 °C. Compared with the control group, DH5α-cspL shows a growth advantage. d Differences in dry cell weight (DCW) between DH5α-cspL and the control at the 45 °C culture condition. ***P < 0.001 (two-tailed Student’s t-test).