Fig. 4: Host response to SARS-CoV-2 in the OE at the mRNA and protein levels.

a Dot plot visualization of enriched GO terms of upregulated genes/proteins at 2/4 dpi in the OE. Gene enrichment analyses were performed using Metascape against the GO dataset for biological processes. “Reg.” stands for regulation, “mod.” for modulation, and “antigen processing.” for antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen. b Interaction map of 30 proteins that were consistently upregulated at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels over the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the OE. Network nodes represent proteins, and their colors indicate the different GO terms to which they belong. Edges represent protein–protein associations, and their thickness indicates the strength of data support. c Dot plot visualization of enriched KEGG pathways of downregulated genes/proteins at 2/4 dpi in the OE. Gene enrichment analyses were performed using STRING against the KEGG dataset. “Met.” for metabolism. The color of the dots represents the –LogQ value for each enriched KEGG pathway, and size represents the gene/protein counts enriched in each term. d Heatmap indicating the expression patterns of 36 olfactory receptor genes that were significantly downregulated at 2 dpi. The colored bar represents the Z-score of the TPM. A total of 11 genes that were also downregulated at 4 dpi are marked with black triangles. e RNA expression of 13 representative ORs by qRT-PCR. Columns with *, **, *** indicate ORs significantly downregulated at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, or P < 0.001, respectively, relative to their mock groups (one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test, n = 3). Black triangle-marked ORs were downregulated at both 2 and 4 dpi based on transcriptome data.