Fig. 1: Characterization of pCoV-GD01 in human cells and epithelium airway organoids.

a Growth curves of SARS-CoV-2 or pCoV-GD01 in Caco-2 or Huh-7 cells. Cells were inoculated with the indicated viruses at an MOI of 0.1, and the cell supernatants were collected at the indicated times for the determination of virus titers by qRT‒PCR. The data are presented as means ± SD. Student’s t-test was performed for statistical analysis (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ns, not significant). b IF staining of Caco-2 or Huh-7 cells inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 or pCoV-GD01 at an MOI of 0.1 at 24 and 48 hpi with SARS-CoV-2 N protein antibodies. c Human airway epithelium organoids were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 or pCoV-GD01, and viral gRNA in the topical secretions was detected at the indicated times using qRT‒PCR to determine the virus titers. The assay was performed in three replicates. The data are presented as means ± SD. Student’s t-test was performed for statistical analysis (*P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant). d Multiplex IF staining analysis for the inoculated cells in human airway epithelium organoids. hACE2 (white), Clara cells stained with CC10 (green), goblet cells stained with Muc5ac (yellow), ciliated cells with beta-IV-tubulin (gold), basal cells with CK5 (magenta). The white frame was magnified on the right. The green arrows indicate CoV⁺/CC10⁺ cells, the yellow arrows indicate CoV⁺/Muc5ac⁺ cells, the gold arrows indicate CoV⁺/beta-IV-tubulin⁺ cells, and the magenta arrows indicate CoV^+/CK5⁺ cells.