Table 1 Differences in HA1 amino acid sequences between HPAI H5 virus derived from humans and avians.

From: Potential cross-species transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 subtype (HPAI H5) viruses to humans calls for the development of H5-specific and universal influenza vaccines

Host

Isolation

Mutation

Human

A/Astrakhan/3212/2020 | H5N8

Reference sequence

Human

A/England/215201407/2021 | H5N1

A144T

A/Hunan/10117/2021 | H5N6

T192I

A/Colorado/18/2022 | H5N1

L108M, V214A

Avian

A/Brown-headed Gull/Tibet/XZ19/2021 | H5N8

H277N

A/chicken/Korea/H001/2021 | H5N8

Q19R

A/common teal/Ningxia/105/2020 | H5N8

V214I

A/whooper swan/Shanxi/4-1/2020 | H5N8

T192I

A/Cygnus columbianus/Hubei/49/2020 | H5N8

T192I

A/goose/Guangdong/S4751/2021 | H5N6

E130D

A/American wigeon/North Carolina/AH0182517/2022 | H5N1

L108M, V214A

A/Phasianus colchicus/Belgium/294/2022 | H5N1

Q19K

A/stork/Spain/442-8 22VIR2142-12/2022 | H5N1

Q19K

A/mute swan/Croatia/6/2022 | H5N1

S124N

A/Caspian gull/Netherlands/1/2022 | H5N1

V152L

A/chicken/England/002070/2022 | H5N1

V152L

A/turkey/Netherlands/21020942-001005/2021 | H5N8

No mutation

A/chicken/Krasnodar/334-01/2021 | H5N8

No mutation

A/pheasant/Scotland/000348/2021 | H5N1

No mutation

A/chicken/Nigeria/VRD21-43 21VIR2288-4/2021 | H5N8

R173Q