Fig. 8: Male-specific circulating exosomes impair unconventional neutrophil subsets in BU.

a Schematic of the experimental design for exosome study (female BU n = 2; male BU n = 8; female HCs n = 2; male HCs n = 8). b GO analysis of differentially expressed proteins between male patients and male HCs. c GO analysis of differentially expressed secretory proteins between male patients and male HCs. d Upper panel: specific and shared differentially expressed miRNAs (FDR < 0.3 and |LOG2FC | > 2) between male and female BU patients; lower panel: exosomal miRNAs specific for male patients and their target genes associated with type I interferon signaling pathway (IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, and IFITM1) and regulation of T cell activation (IL7R and CD99). e Effects of exosomes from healthy individuals and active BU patients on the expression of MX1 and ANXA1 in neutrophils. Data are shown as means ± SEM. Data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. n = 5 per group. f Effects of exosomes from healthy individuals and active BU patients on the type I interferon response of neutrophils. n = 5 per group. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *BU vs HC: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. #Females vs males; #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01; ###P < 0.001 (e, f). Data were analyzed by the one-way ANOVA (Tukey’s multiple comparison test). In all instances, n refers to the number of each group.