Fig. 1: Classification of NAbs targeting AGL of HBsAg.

a Heat map illustrating the competitive binding behaviors of four neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) for HBsAg: NAbHBC, NAbH006, NAbH015, and NAbGC1102. The binding of HA-tagged antibodies in the presence of non-tagged competitors, as determined by ELISA, is normalized to their binding without competitors. Numbers are represented with background colors, where darker shades indicate higher values and less competition. Data are presented as mean, with n = 3 technical replicates. The experiment was conducted twice with consistent results. b Strep-tag pull-down experiments were conducted to assess the binding compatibilities of NAbs across different groups. HA-tagged Fabs containing Strep tags were bound to Streptactin resin as bait. GFP-tagged M-HBsAg was added to mediate the binding between compatible NAbs. Myc-tagged Fabs or scFv served as prey. Proteins were detected using western blotting (for HA or Myc tags) or in-gel fluorescence imaging for GFP (M-HBsAg). c Binding of NAbs to HBsAg and its G145R mutant was assessed using ELISA. GFP-PreS1 was used as the negative control to assess the non-specific binding. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviations, n = 3 technical replicates. The experiment was performed twice with consistent results.