Fig. 1: scCirclehunter framework.

a Tumor tissues are dissociated, and scATAC-seq libraries are constructed. b Reads derived from either ecDNA or linear chromosomes are then mapped to the genome. c A pseudo-bulk algorithm is applied to identify ecDNA regions within the scATAC-seq library. d The normalized ATAC-seq signals are assessed to determine whether they follow a bimodal mixture model. When P value < 0.05, it indicates that there are multiple normal distributions. e ecDNA is assigned to specific cell populations using the GMM or k-mean clustering.