Fig. 3: Endowing Protein A binding capability to sdAbs.

a–d Four sdAbs, including three human-derived (n622, n67, and n118) and one camel-derived VHH (VHH3), which lacked Protein A binding activity, were selected. For each sdAb, 1000 candidate variants were generated using the model. The top five variants, based on predicted Protein A-binding affinity, were selected and quantified by BLI. All BLI experiments were performed in three independent replicates, and the data were represented as mean ± SD. e Proportion of mutations among 1000 sequences generated by the IgGM model, color-coded by mutation count. f Correlation analysis between predicted and experimentally measured KD values for sdAb candidate variants.