Fig. 1: Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with MSC transplantation.

a Randomization and trial profile. b Cumulative remission rate of the two groups. c Plasma CRP levels were assessed for patients with severe/critical disease in the two groups. d Ratio of the mean value for each cytokine at day 28 to that of baseline (prior to treatment) after MSC or placebo infusion was calculated for the two groups. e Plasma NET-DNA levels for the MSC-treated patients at three time points (n = 29, P = 0.01, data at day 7.5 ± 1.5 compared with day 0). f Changes in the plasma NET-DNA levels in MSC-treated patients, showing the beneficial effects over time (n = 22, P = 0.0483, data at day 7 compared with that at day 0). g Change in plasma NET-DNA levels in placebo-treated patients over time (n = 7, P > 0.05). h Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 + S2 extracellular domain, RBD, and nucleocapsid/N detected in plasma of healthy subjects and placebo-treated patients over 28 days. i Detection of the three specific antibodies in plasma samples of both the MSC-treated and placebo groups on day 28 (P > 0.05). j Ratio of antibody level at day 28 to that of day 14 in the MSC-treated and placebo-treated groups. The data represent the means ± SD. The P values were determined using the unpaired Student’s t-test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.