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Mitochondrial double-stranded RNA drives aging-associated cognitive decline

Cell Research (2026)Cite this article

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Abstract

Aging is the primary cause of cognitive decline. Despite extensive study, the molecular mechanisms driving aging-associated cognitive decline remain unclear. Here, we describe a proteostasis-independent function of SEC61A1 and its involvement in aging-associated cognitive decline. SEC61A1 regulates ER–mitochondria contact sites, affecting mitochondrial DNA and RNA synthesis and subsequently leading to changes in innate immune signaling mediated by mitochondrial double-stranded RNA (mt-dsRNA). This pathway is activated in aged wild-type mice, Alzheimer’s disease patients, and 5×FAD mice. Tissue-specific overexpression of Sec61a1 in the mouse cortex (Sec61a1Tg) is sufficient to induce cognitive decline without affecting motor activity. Knockdown of Sec61a1 or Mavs ablates mt-dsRNA-mediated innate immune signaling and alleviates cognitive decline in naturally aging wild-type mice. These results reveal a molecular mechanism of aging- and disease-associated cognitive decline and provide a potential therapeutic tool for intervention.

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Fig. 1: SEC61A1 overexpression triggers an inflammatory response through RNA-sensing immune signaling.
Fig. 2: mt-dsRNA levels are upregulated by SEC61A1 overexpression.
Fig. 3: SEC61A1 overexpression promotes formation of ERMCSs, leading to upregulation of mtDNA synthesis and transcription.
Fig. 4: Sec61a1 and dsRNA levels are upregulated in the cerebral cortex of aged mice.
Fig. 5: Overexpression of Sec61a1 in the cerebral cortex accelerates cognitive decline in mice.
Fig. 6: Neuron-specific knockdown of Sec61a1 improves cognition in 20-month-old WT mice.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Wenxian Liu (Xiamen University, China), Dr. Xin Wang (Xiamen University, China) and Dr. Chensong Zhang (Xiamen University, China) for reagents. We thank Dr. Szecheng Lo (Chang Gung University, Taiwan), Dr. Shuyong Lin (Xiamen University, China), Dr. Xiaofen Chen (Xiamen University, China) and Dr. Shijin Zheng (Xiamen University, China) for helpful suggestions on the study. We thank Dr. Yalin Zhang for help with mouse brain stereotactic injection of AAV; Dr. Luming Yao, Dr. Caiming Wu and Wei Han (Xiamen University, China) for their help with electron microscopy; Xiang You and Qingfeng Liu (Xiamen University, China) for their help with confocal fluorescence microscopy; and Dr. Changchuan Xie and Cixiong Zhang (Xiamen University, China) for their help with mass spectrometry. This research was financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32450418, 91949103, 32071159) and the Priority Research Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2017YFA0504600).

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Lixiao Zhang, Xiang Li, Hongdi Luo.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China

    Lixiao Zhang, Xiang Li, Hongdi Luo, Yujia Huo, Guangkeng Zhou, Pengcheng Wang, Sipeng Wu, Xinyong Lin, Jiahao Shi, Zebao Wang, Jiaxin Xu, Renjian Li, Siyi Chen, Zhe Sun, Chunlin Zhao, Zizhuo Zhou, Zhenhong Wang, Jun Zhu, Xingjun Chen, Jintao Luo, Yong Yu, Zhirong Zhang & Geng Wang

  2. Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Fujian Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen, Fujian, China

    Pengcheng Wang

  3. Department of Neurology, Wenzhou Central Hospital & Dingli Clinical Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

    Kai Dai

  4. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China

    Chensi Liang

  5. Department of Oncology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China

    Geng Wang

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  1. Lixiao Zhang
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  2. Xiang Li
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Contributions

G.W., L.X.Z., and Z.R.Z. initiated and supervised the project. G.W., L.X.Z., Z.R.Z., X.L., and H.D.L. conceived the study and designed the experiments. Y.J.H., G.K.Z., C.L.Z., J.T.L., and Y.Y. performed lifespan analyses in C. elegans. P.C.W., S.P.W., J.Z., and X.J.C. performed western blot assays. X.Y.L. performed snRNA-seq analyses and prepared schematic figures. K.D. provided clinical serum samples from Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy controls. J.H.S. and Z.Z.Z. analyzed RNA-seq data and predicted SEC61A1 structure using web-based tools. Z.B.W. performed quantification and statistical analysis of immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and western blot images. R.J.L. performed transmission electron microscopy. Z.S. performed dot blot assays for dsRNA. J.X.X. performed ELISA assays. S.Y.C. performed immunofluorescence assay. C.S.L. advised on behavioral experiments in mice. Z.H.W. performed stereotaxic brain injections. G.W. drafted the manuscript. Z.R.Z. revised and validated the final version. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zhirong Zhang or Geng Wang.

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This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committees of the participating hospitals in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (Approval No. XDYX202410K59, Xiamen University Medical Ethics Committee). Written informed consent was obtained from the participants or their next of kin.

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Zhang, L., Li, X., Luo, H. et al. Mitochondrial double-stranded RNA drives aging-associated cognitive decline. Cell Res (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-026-01224-w

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