Fig. 1: Magneto-mechanical lysosomal control of macrophage immunity.

a Magnetic nanomotors accumulate in macrophage lysosomes and, upon rotating magnetic fields, induce reversible LMP, triggering Gal9-AMPK-NF-κB signaling. b Lysosomal mechanostimulation drives an M1-like macrophage state with increased glycolysis, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-12, IL-1β), antigen presentation, and T cell recruitment, promoting antitumor immunity in nanoparticle-treated tumor-bearing mice.