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The function and clinical application of extracellular vesicles in innate immune regulation

Cellular & Molecular Immunology volume 17, pages 323–334 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the host defense against viral and microbial infection. Exosomes constitute a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be released by almost all cell types. Owing to their capacity to shield the payload from degradation and to evade recognition and subsequent removal by the immune system, exosomes efficiently transport functional components to recipient cells. Accumulating evidence has recently shown that exosomes derived from tumor cells, host cells and even bacteria and parasites mediate the communication between the invader and innate immune cells and thus play an irreplaceable function in the dissemination of pathogens and donor cell-derived molecules, modulating the innate immune responses of the host. In this review, we describe the current understanding of EVs (mainly focusing on exosomes) and summarize and discuss their crucial roles in determining innate immune responses. Additionally, we discuss the potential of using exosomes as biomarkers and cancer vaccines in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to apologize to those researchers whose related work we were not able to cite in this review. This work was supported by a special program from the Chinese National Natural Science Funds (31701232 to F.X.; 31671457 and 91753139 to L.Z.; and 31871405 and 31571460 to F.Z.), the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX201700165 to F.X.), the National Science Foundation for Postdoctoral Scientists of China (BX201700165 to F.X.), Distinguished Young Scholars of Jiangsu Province (BK20180043 to F.Z.), the Key Project of University Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (19KJA550003 to F.Z.), the Shenzhen Basic Research Program (JCYJ20180507182203049 to S.Z.) and a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Xiaoxue Zhou, Feng Xie, Lin Wang

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China

    Xiaoxue Zhou, Feng Xie, Lin Wang & Fangfang Zhou

  2. Department of Chemotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310058, China

    Xiaoxue Zhou, Long Zhang & Meiyu Fang

  3. Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Pharmacology, Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Suping Zhang

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X.Z. and F.X. conceived and drafted the paper. X.Z., L.W., F.X., and F.Z. discussed the concepts presented in the paper. X.Z. generated the figures. F.Z. approved the version to be submitted.

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Zhou, X., Xie, F., Wang, L. et al. The function and clinical application of extracellular vesicles in innate immune regulation. Cell Mol Immunol 17, 323–334 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0391-1

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