Fig. 1

Neutralizing potential of sera from convalescent patients and RBD nanoparticle-vaccinated rhesus macaques against SARS-CoV-2 variants. a Schematic of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including G614, D614, B.1.1.7, and 501Y.V2. Mutation types and positions are indicated next to each backbone. b Different pseudotyped viruses were incubated with serially diluted sera from convalescent COVID-19 patients and healthy controls to detect neutralizing antibodies. Neutralization potency was calculated by measuring the luciferase activity of infected hACE2-HeLa cells and plotted as a neutralization curve. Black lines represent the sera from healthy donors. c NT50 of each convalescent serum against each pseudotyped virus. d Different pseudotyped viruses were incubated with serially diluted sera from nanoparticle-vaccinated rhesus macaques to detect neutralizing antibodies. Neutralization potency was plotted as a neutralization curve. e NT50 of each serum from nanoparticle-vaccinated rhesus macaques against each pseudotyped virus. The NT50 titer in (c) and (e) was defined as the reciprocal of serum dilution at which nAbs caused 50% inhibition of infection. Data in (c) were analyzed by the Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (n = 49). ***p < 0.001. Data in (e) represented as the mean ± SEM (n = 4). Adjusted p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test *p < 0.05