Fig. 1
From: Impact of intracellular innate immune receptors on immunometabolism
Glycolysis (light green box) supports the anabolic demands of activated immune cells. Upon immune activation, glycolysis shifts pyruvate toward lactate production instead of feeding the TCA cycle. Accumulation of the TCA intermediate succinate promotes glycolysis via HIF-1α stabilization. In addition, the accumulated citrate serves as a precursor for the anti-inflammatory metabolite itaconate. Glycolysis also fuels the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to generate nucleotides, amino acids, and NADPH, which is used with citrate for fatty acid synthesis. Oxidized fatty acids drive mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, which is more prominent in tolerogenic immune cells than in other cells
