Table 1 FDA-approved therapeutics targeting type 2 immune pathways in allergic diseases
Drug | Target | Indication | Year of FDA approval (if applicable) | Mechanism of action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Omalizumab | Anti-IgE | Severe allergic asthma, chronic urticaria, CRSwNP, Food allergy | Asthma: 2003, Urticaria: 2014, CRSwNP (EU) FA: 2024 | Prevents IgE binding to FcεRI, reducing mast cell activation |
Mepolizumab | Anti-IL-5 | Severe eosinophilic asthma, CRSwNP, EGPA | Asthma: 2015, CRSwNP: 2021 | Inhibits IL-5, reducing eosinophil production and survival |
Reslizumab | Anti-IL-5 | Severe eosinophilic asthma | 2016 | Inhibits IL-5 activity, lowering eosinophil counts |
Benralizumab | Anti-IL-5Rα | Severe eosinophilic asthma | 2017 | Induces eosinophil apoptosis via ADCC |
Dupilumab | Anti-IL-4Rα | Moderate-to-severe AD, Asthma, CRSwNP, EoE prurigo nodularis, COPD | AD: 2017, Asthma: 2018, CRSwNP: 2019, EoE: 2022 PN: 2024, COPD: 2024 | Inhibits IL-4R signaling, reduces type 2 inflammation |
Tezepelumab | Anti-TSLP | Severe asthma | 2021 | Blocks TSLP signaling, reducing airway inflammation |
Tralokinumab | Anti-IL-13 | AD | 2021 (EMA/FDA) | Reduces IL-13-mediated inflammation in AD |
Lebrikizumab | Anti-IL-13 | AD | 2023 (FDA) | Reduces IL-13 signaling, improves AD lesions |
Baricitinib | JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor | AD | 2020 | JAK1/2 inhibitor |
Upadacitinib | JAK1 inhibitor | AD | 2021 | ATP competitive JAK1/2/3 inhibitor(JAK1 strongest) |
Abrocitinib | JAK1 inhibitor | AD | 2022 | JAK1 inhibitor |
Ruxolitinib | JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor | AD (USA) | 2021 | JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor |
Nemolizmab | Anti-IL-31 | Prurigo nodularis | 2024 | Block IL-31 signaling, reducing itch |
