Fig. 3

a–c Topographic images corresponding to the PFM images in (d-f), respectively. d–f Domain structures observed by PFM: d Ba4Nd2Ti4Nb6O30, e Ba4Sm2Ti4Nb6O30, and f Ba4Eu2Ti4Nb6O30

a–c Topographic images corresponding to the PFM images in (d-f), respectively. d–f Domain structures observed by PFM: d Ba4Nd2Ti4Nb6O30, e Ba4Sm2Ti4Nb6O30, and f Ba4Eu2Ti4Nb6O30