Fig. 5: Visual quantitative detection of glucose in practical settings by the pH-responsive superwetting surface.

a Invasive glucose detection of blood specimens obtained from 9 patients with diabetes and 9 normal people showing that the CAs of the samples from normal people were over 100°, corresponding to hydrophobicity, and those from patients with diabeties decreased to nearly 50°, indicating the hydrophilicity of the surface. b Non-invasive detection of saliva and urine obtained from 9 patients with diabetes and 6 normal people illustrating that the CA can be employed to distinguish between samples people with diabetes and normal people