Fig. 5: Electrochemical performance of the full LIC device.

a CV curves of HG-TNO-3//CN LIC from 2 to 50 mV−1. b Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of the HG-TNO-3//CN LIC from 1 to 25 Ag−1. c Long-term cycling performance of the LIC at 5 A g−1. d Ragone plots of the LIC vs the other reported LICs: Nb2O5-graphene//AC30, Nb2O5//AC20, Nb2O5@C//AC21, TiNb2O7 NT//graphene27, Li4Ti5O12/C//CNF7. e A demo of the illumination of 10 red LEDs by a charged LIC. f A demo of the timer powered by a charged LIC