Fig. 3: The density of states (DOS) and charge difference map of the NCR nanohybrid model.

The DOS of the a Ni–Co-LDH slab model, b RuO2 NS model, and c NCR nanohybrid model, where the Fermi level is set to zero. d The three-dimensional charge difference map at the isosurface level of 1.00Δρmax (100% of the maximum value of Δρ), where charge accumulation and depletion are shown in yellow and cyan, respectively, and the corresponding planar averaged charge difference along the surface normal direction is shown on the right. Atoms in the structure are colored by white for H, red for O, brown for Ni, green for Co, and navy for Ru