Fig. 4: Hybridization of cationic Ni–Co-LDH with anionic RuO₂ NS.

a Powder XRD patterns of NCR nanohybrids and the pristine Ni–Co-LDH. b FE-SEM images of NCR nanohybrids and the pristine Ni–Co-LDH. c HR-TEM images and EFTEM-elemental maps of NCR10, and d Ru 3p XPS spectra of RuO₂ NSs and NCR nanohybrids