Fig. 3: Harmonic measurements on BTO↓ and BTO↑ devices. | NPG Asia Materials

Fig. 3: Harmonic measurements on BTO↓ and BTO↑ devices.

From: Tuning of current-induced effective magnetic field through Rashba effect engineering in hybrid multiferroic structures

Fig. 3: Harmonic measurements on BTO↓ and BTO↑ devices.

a Schematic drawing of the cross-bar device used for the measurements. During the measurements, an AC current j is injected in the x direction with the external magnetic field (HE). The current-induced effective magnetic fields (HL and HT) are reflected in the harmonic measurements. b First and c second harmonic data for the BTO↓ device with a small external magnetic field applied in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively, when the magnetization (M) directions of CoFeB are up. The harmonics data for down magnetization are presented in the right insets. The left insets show the corresponding measurement setups. d Calculated effective magnetic fields (HL and HT) as a function of the AC current amplitude. e, f Temperature-dependent HL and HT, respectively, of the BTO↓ and BTO↑ devices

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