Fig. 3: Dual light and pH response of the Azo-COOH-modified nanochannel.
From: A universal tunable nanofluidic diode via photoresponsive host–guest interactions

a I–V curves of the nanochannel with Azo-COOH after irradiation with visible light (■) and UV light (●) at pH 3. b The pR values of the Azo-COOH modified channel at different pH values (from 2 to 9) undergo three main states; the value first increases in negative charge and then reaches a saturated state (blue circle: -COOH, black circle: Azo-COOH)