Fig. 4: Application of PEISA for the fabrication of functional ECSDs.

a Schematic illustration of PEISA. b OM (left) and SEM (right) images of mesoporous WO3 fabricated by PEISA. c Photographs of the ECSD during the reversible charging (coloration of the pattern) and discharging (LED light on and bleaching) test. For this application, two ECSDs were connected in series.