Fig. 8: PEMFC performance and durability.

Fuel cell performance and long-term durability of the fabricated MEAs with Pt/Vinatech, Pt/Vulcan and commercial Pt/C as a cathode catalyst with Pt loading of 0.4mgPt/cm2 and anode with Pt loading of 0.1mgPt/cm2. Polarization curves for the fuel cells using Pt/Vinatech, b Pt/Vulcan and c commercial Pt/C recorded before and after 3k, 10k, and 30k cycles. d Current density at 0.6V of Pt/Vinatech, Pt/Vulcan, and commercial Pt/C. e Normalized current density changes at 0.6V during the long-term durability of MEA evaluations with Pt/Vinatech, Pt/Vulcan, and commercial Pt/C recorded before and after 3k, 10k, and 30k cycles. Normalized current densities were obtained from the percentage of “after-cycling durability current density” divided by “initial current density” at 0.6V. The fuel cells were operated at 70°C by feeding fully humidified H2 and O2 to the anode and cathode, respectively, without backpressure. f Schematic representation of the degradation mechanism by agglomeration: The close Pt interatomic distance (above Figure) and nonuniform Pt NPs (below Figure) can promote agglomeration.