Fig. 6: Typical organic HTMs for inverted PSCs.

a Schematic diagram of the electrostatic potential and binding energy of MA⁺PbI₃⁻∙DMF-PTAA and MA⁺PbI₃⁻∙DMSO-PTAA and contact angle measurements for precursor solutions of the corresponding solvents on a PTAA surface. Reproduced with permission from Ref. ⁹². Copyright 2021, Elsevier. b Molecular design ideas for PPYs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. ⁹⁶. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. c ¹H NMR pattern of pyridine-based monomers with or without mixing with PbI₂. Reproduced with permission from Ref. ⁹⁷. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH. d Schematic illustration of the energetic alignment between perovskite and the investigated HTMs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. ¹⁰³. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. e Schematic diagram of the energy level alignment of DC-PA and DC-PA/IAHA. Reproduced with permission from Ref. ¹⁰⁴. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH. f Schematic diagram of the optimal stacking mode and possible molecular organization behavior of three SAMs on ITO substrate. g Schematic illustration of the energy levels of inverted devices based on three SAMs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. ⁹⁸. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.