Fig. 3: Phase and structural analyses.

a X-ray diffraction patterns of the R32-MCNFs, HT-MCNFs, MCNFs, and as-spun Ti3C2Tx MXene/PAN nanofibers. b Raman spectra of the R32-MCNFs, HT-MCNFs, and commercial Ru(IV)O2 powders. c X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results for the RuOx-MCNFs; (top) Ru 3d and (bottom) O 1 s narrow scans. d–f Transmission electron microscopy images of the R8-MCNF electrodes. The inset of (d) shows (e) crystalline RuO2 and (f) amorphous RuOx regions. Each inset in (e) and (f) provides the fast Fourier transform pattern.