Fig. 5: Typical work to increase the porosity of materials.

a The fabrication process of the mesoporous WO3 NFs. Reproduced with permission from ref. 15. copyright frontiers, 2019. b The formation of SnO2 nanospheres with trimodal porosity. Reproduced with permission from ref. 16. Copyright Nature, 2016. c Synthetic process for apoferritin-encapsulated catalytic NPs. Reproduced with permission from ref. 14. Copyright John Wiley and Sons, 2019.