Fig. 4: Cyclic mechanical tests for energy dissipation.

a Tensile stress–strain curves of hydrated (solid) and dried (dotted) LT samples in cyclic tensile tests. Stretching/relaxation was performed 3 times; subsequently, the sample was rehydrated for 5 min. b Energy dissipation and deformed strain of the hydrated sample after every cycle. H indicates rehydration. c Compressive stress–strain curves of hydrated (solid) and dried (dotted) HT samples during cyclic compressive tests. d Energy dissipation of hydrated (filled circle) and dried (empty circle) HT samples after every cycle.