Table 1 Indoor photovoltaic characteristics of representative fullerene-based iOPVs

From: Indoor photovoltaic energy harvesting based on semiconducting π-conjugated polymers and oligomeric materials toward future IoT applications

Donor	Acceptor	L (lx)	P_in (μW cm⁻²)	PCE (%)	V_oc (V)	J_sc (μA cm⁻²)	FF (%)	P_out (μW cm⁻²)	Light source	Ref.
Polymer donor–fullerene acceptor binary system
P3HT	PC₆₁BM	500	176	8.9	0.43	62	59	15.6	LED	[53]
P3HT	ICBA	500	176	13.0	0.73	50	63	23.0	LED	[53]
PTB7-Th	PC₇₁BM	500	176	13.2	0.59	66	58	23.2	LED	[53]
PTB7-Th	PC₇₁BM	890	364	11.6	0.62	92	74	42.3	LED	[48]
PTB7-Th	PC₇₁BM	1000	280	16.3	0.63	123	60	46.5	LED	[65]
PTB7	PC₇₁BM	300	83.6	14.6	0.61	28.6	70	12.2	FL	[49]
PCDTBT	PC₇₁BM	300	83.6	16.6	0.72	27.7	69	13.9	FL	[49]
PCDTBT	PC₇₁BM	300	77.6	18.7	0.74	31.1	63	14.5	LED (3000 K)	[57]
PPDT2FBT	PC₇₁BM	1000	280	16.0	0.59	117	65	44.9	LED	[59]
PPDT2FBT	PC₆₁BM	300	90	13.0	0.59	29.4	68	11.6	LED (2800 K)	[64]
PPDT2FBT	PC₆₁BM	1000	310	13.8	0.62	94.6	70	41.3	LED (2800 K)	[64]
PPDT2FBT	PC₆₁BM	300	90	11.5	0.58	26.8	67	10.5	LED (5600 K)	[64]
PPDT2FBT	PC₆₁BM	1000	310	11.8	0.62	85.0	70	36.7	LED (5600 K)	[64]
PDTBTBz-2F	PC₇₁BM	1000	280	23.1	0.82	112	70	64.8	LED	[61]
PBDB-T	PC₇₁BM	1000	280	15.3	0.67	90.2	71	42.8	LED	[61]
PBDB-TF (PM6)	PC₇₁BM	200	60.4	15.9	0.71	18.9	71	9.6	LED (2700 K)	[62]
PBDB-TF (PM6)	PC₇₁BM	1000	302	18.1	0.78	94.1	74	54.7	LED (2700 K)	[62]
WF3	PC₇₁BM	500	170	12.4	0.57	58.3	64	21.3	LED	[63]
WF3F	PC₇₁BM	500	170	17.1	0.69	63.6	67	29.1	LED	[63]
PTQ10	PC₆₁BM	500	180	19.9	0.79	62.5	73	35.8	LED	[67]
SM donor–fullerene acceptor binary systems
BTR	PC₇₁BM	1000	278	28.1	0.79	133	75	78.2	FL	[54]
P1	PC₇₁BM	300	77.6	18.7	0.74	31.1	63	14.5	LED (3000 K)	[57]
BDT-1T-ID	PNP	200	76.8	12.4	0.84	19.2	59	9.5	LED (8500 K)	[60]
BDT-2T-ID	PNP	200	76.8	16.0	0.75	24.2	68	12.3	LED (8500 K)	[60]
1DTP-ID	PNP	200	57.9	19.3	0.67	24.6	68	11.2	LED (2900 K)	[35]
1DTP-ID	PNP	200	66.1	17.4	0.67	25.6	67	11.5	LED (5300 K)	[35]
1DTP-ID	PNP	200	70.1	17.7	0.69	26.4	68	12.4	LED (7500 K)	[35]
2DTP-ID	PNP	200	57.9	17.8	0.72	22.8	63	10.3	LED (2900 K)	[35]
2DTP-ID	PNP	200	66.1	13.2	0.74	20.1	59	8.7	LED (5300 K)	[35]
2DTP-ID	PNP	200	70.1	13.8	0.71	22.4	61	9.6	LED (7500 K)	[35]
DTCPB	C₇₀	200	58.0	13.4	0.66	21.7	54	7.8	FL	[68]

L illuminance of incident light, P_in input power density (irradiance), PCE power conversion efficiency, V_oc open-circuit voltage, J_sc short-circuit current density, FF fill factor, P_out output power density

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Table 1 Indoor photovoltaic characteristics of representative fullerene-based iOPVs

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