Fig. 1: Map of sampling locations.

There are 14 populations sampled in the present study from northern Thailand (HM1–HM5, Y1–Y2, KSK3, MR, MR, LS and SH2) and northeastern Thailand (PT2 and IS5), together with 59 Thai/Lao populations sampled in previous studies [12,13,14,15]. Red stars, green triangles, black circles, and blue squares represent Hmong-Mien, Sino-Tibetan, Austroasiatic, and Tai-Kadai speaking populations, respectively. The barplots on the left and right sides of the map depict the proportion of MSY and mtDNA haplogroups specific to Northeast Asia (NEA), Southeast Asia (SEA), or of unknown/other origin.