Fig. 3: Frequency of shared haplotypes and heat plot of Φst values.

(a) Frequency of shared MSY (above diagonal) and mtDNA (below diagonal) haplotypes within and between populations. (b) Heat plot of Φst values based on MSY (above diagonal) and mtDNA (below diagonal) haplotypes. The “=” symbol indicates Φst values that are not significantly different from zero (P > 0.05). The new populations are placed at the left of the figure. Population names are color-coded according to language family; red, green, black and blue represent HM, ST, AA, and TK-speaking populations, respectively.